This page provides extra practice to the theory covered in the book units 15-20.
Table of contents:
- Note about modals
- Modal and semi-modal theory
- Different meanings of must
- Modals in the passive
- Modals and modal perfect
- Modals in the simple, continuous, and perfect form
- Online practice
Note about modals:
1.1. Modals are different from normal verbs
1) They don't use and 's' for the third person singular.
2) They make questions by inversion ("she can go" becomes "can she go?")
3) They are followed directly by the infinitive of another verb (without 'to')
4) They are used to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, or ability.
1.2. Video: No more mistakes with Modals! 3 easy rules
1.3. Video: Modal verbs, types of modal verbs, useful list and examples
1.4 Video: Modals in the simple, continuous, and perfect form
Modal and semi-modal theory
2.1. Different meanings of must
2.1.1. It is an obligation or it is forbidden
All items of clothing must be labeled. (obligation)
You mustn't drive over the speed limit. (forbidden)
2.1.2. It is necessary or it isn't necessary
She must text her friend when she gets home. (necessary)
They don't have to / don't need to / needn't pay in advance. (not necessary)
2.1.3. Certainty
He must be delighted with his new job post. (I'm certain he is delighted.)
It can't be true - I was there myself and it didn't happen that way. (I'm certain that it is not true.)
2.1.4. It is a good or it is not good idea
You must tell him what you think of it. (I think it's a good idea.)
We shouldn't leave our bags unattended. (I don't think it's a good idea)
Modals in the passive voice
Modals and modal perfect
4.1. Making a criticism sound less strong.
Jack can be quite loud at times.
4.2. Could with a a comparative to express possibility.
You could do more to help local charities.
4.3. Couldn't / couldn't have with a comparative to express impossiblity.
How are you feeling?
I couldn't be better!
4.4. Informal: When there is no better alternative.
The show has been cancelled, so we might / may as well go out for dinner.
4.5. Making criticism.
You might ask / might have asked before taking the car keys.
4.6. Making a polite suggestion or giving advice.
I'm afraid we're fully booked tonight, but you might try tomorrow night.
4.7. When something is right / expected, to show strong agreement.
That awful tourism agency is going to refund us.
I should think so too!
Following are several exercises that vary in level of difficulty.
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