Table of contents
1) Adverbial clauses of time (U.79)2) Clauses giving reasons: as, because, since, for since, etc. (U.80)3) Purpose and result clauses: in order to, so as to, so that, etc. (U.81)4) Contrast clauses: although, though, even though / if, while, whilst, whereas, etc. (U.82) 5) Reduced adverbial clauses 6) Conjunctions / Linking devices (U.87)7) Manner clauses theory and practice
When an adverbial clause begins a sentence, use a comma to separate the two clauses.
When it finishes the sentence, there is no need for a comma. e.g.: She had already eaten lunch when he called. When he called, she had already eaten lunch.
1) Adverbial clauses of time (U.79)
1.1 'When' means ' at the moment', 'at that time'. The 'when' clause takes either the simple past tenses or the present.
1.2. 'Before' means 'before that moment'. The 'before' clause takes either the simple past or the present. e.g.: Before she went to bed, she brushed her teeth.
1.3. 'After' means 'after the moment'. Remember that 'after' clause takes the present for future events and the past or past perfect for past events. e.g.: After turning off all the lights, the watchman finished his round.
1.4. 'While' or 'as' are both used with the past continuous because the meaning of 'during that time' indicates an action in progress. e.g. While she was reading a book, he was surfing the web.
1.5. 'By the time' expresses the idea that one event has been completed before another. The past perfect is used for past events and future perfect for future events in the main clause. e.g. By the time she had finished doing her homework, the sun had already set.
1.6. 'Until' and 'till' express 'up to that time' and simple present or simple past are used with both. 'Till' is usually only used in spoken English. e.g. It wasn't until she told him the truth that he believed her.
1.7. 'Since' means 'from that time'. The present perfect (continuous) is used with 'since' and 'since' can also be used with a specific point in time. e.g. I have played the piano since I was a young girl.
They've been selling hats in this store since 1869.
1.8. 'As soon as' means 'when something happens - immediately afterward'. It is similar to 'when' as it emphasizes that the event will occur immediately after another. Simple present is usually used for future events, although present perfect can also be used. e.g. As soon as he sees the handwriting, he will know who wrote it.
1.9. 'Whenever' and 'every time' mean 'each time something happens'. Simple present, or simple past in the past, is used because they express and habitual action.
e.g. Whenever he visits, we go to his favorite diner.
1.10 ''The first/ second/ third/ fourth, etc., and next/ last time' mean 'that specific time' and can be used to be more specific about which time of a number of times something happened. e.g. The first time I went to Angkor Wat, I was impressed to see the trees growing on the buildings.
Online practice of adverbial time clauses: 1.1.1) Adverbial clauses of time 1 (multiple choice) 1.1.2) Adverbial clauses of time 2 (write the missing words) 1.1.3) Adverbial clauses of time practice (different exercises) 1.1.4)
2) Clauses giving reasons: as, because, since, for since, etc. (U.80)
Online practice clauses giving reasons
3) Purpose and result clauses: in order to, so as to, so that, etc. (U.81)
Online practice
4) Contrast clauses: although, though, even though / if, while, whilst, whereas, etc. (U.82)
Online practice 4.1.1. Whereas, unless, contrary to
Online practice of clauses of contrast, purpose, reason, and result:
5) Reduced adverbial clauses
A reduced adverbial clause is an adverbial clause that has been reduced usually by omitting its subject and a form of be. Usually it can only be reduced when the subject of the adverb clause is the same as that of the independent clause. The -ING form is used for the active voice.
The -ED form (past participle) is used for the passive voice.
e.g. 1) Time clauses: After the they had sung two songs, the singers took a break.
After singing two songs, the singers took a break.
Before he left his house, Tom checked to see if he had his wallet.
Before leaving his house, Tom checked to see if he had his wallet.
While he was away, Jack decided to write home every day.
While away, Jack decided to write home every day.
When she is swimming, Mary always keeps her mind focused.
When swimming, Mary always keeps her mind focused. As I was falling asleep, I thought about my family back home.
Falling asleep, I thought about my family back home. As soon as she finished the report, she gave it to her boss.
Upon finishing the report, she gave it to her boss.
2) Giving reasons with because: Because she had always loved fashion, Sara decided to study fashion design. Having always loved fashion, Sara decided to study fashion design.
As he didn't want to disturb the baby, he tiptoed out of the room.
Not wanting to disturb the baby, he tiptoed out of the room.
3) Contrast: Although he was hurt, Jimi managed to smile. Although hurt, Jimi managed to smile. Although he was impressed by her speech, Marc was not swayed to change his decision.
Although impressed by her speech, Marc was not swayed to change his decision.
Different kinds of reduced adverbial phrases:1) Noun phrase: Although Head of Department, he relies on the Departamental Secretary.2) Adjective phrase: Although seriously ill, he came to the meeting.3) Prepositional phrase: Although on holiday, Susie responded to all her work emails. 4) Participial phrase: Although waiting in a long line, Cattie stayed calm.
Online reduced adverbial clause practice
5) Reduced adverbial clauses
A reduced adverbial clause is an adverbial clause that has been reduced usually by omitting its subject and a form of be.
Usually it can only be reduced when the subject of the adverb clause is the same as that of the independent clause.
The -ING form is used for the active voice.
The -ED form (past participle) is used for the passive voice.
e.g.
1) Time clauses:
After the they had sung two songs, the singers took a break.
After singing two songs, the singers took a break.
Before he left his house, Tom checked to see if he had his wallet.
Before leaving his house, Tom checked to see if he had his wallet.
While he was away, Jack decided to write home every day.
While away, Jack decided to write home every day.
When she is swimming, Mary always keeps her mind focused.
When swimming, Mary always keeps her mind focused.
As I was falling asleep, I thought about my family back home.
Falling asleep, I thought about my family back home.
As soon as she finished the report, she gave it to her boss.
Upon finishing the report, she gave it to her boss.
2) Giving reasons with because:
Because she had always loved fashion, Sara decided to study fashion design.
Having always loved fashion, Sara decided to study fashion design.
As he didn't want to disturb the baby, he tiptoed out of the room.
Not wanting to disturb the baby, he tiptoed out of the room.
3) Contrast:
Although he was hurt, Jimi managed to smile.
Although hurt, Jimi managed to smile.
Although he was impressed by her speech, Marc was not swayed to change his decision.
Although impressed by her speech, Marc was not swayed to change his decision.
Different kinds of reduced adverbial phrases:
1) Noun phrase: Although Head of Department, he relies on the Departamental Secretary.
2) Adjective phrase: Although seriously ill, he came to the meeting.
3) Prepositional phrase: Although on holiday, Susie responded to all her work emails.
4) Participial phrase: Although waiting in a long line, Cattie stayed calm.
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